Practice Cybersecurity-Architecture-and-Engineering Questions With Certification guide Q&A from Training Expert RealValidExam
Free WGU Cybersecurity-Architecture-and-Engineering Test Practice Test Questions Exam Dumps
NEW QUESTION # 28
What is the vocabulary and set of rules for instructing a computer to perform certain tasks?
- A. Programming language
- B. Low-level language
- C. Machine language
- D. Translator language
Answer: A
Explanation:
A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement algorithms and manipulate data. They provide the vocabulary and grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks, allowing developers to write software programs that can be executed by a computer.
NEW QUESTION # 29
In which state is data considered information?
- A. Unprocessed
- B. Processed
- C. Input
- D. Raw
Answer: B
Explanation:
Data is considered information when it has been processed and organized in a meaningful way. Raw data in its unprocessed state is not useful until it undergoes processing to become interpretable and actionable information. Processing can involve sorting, aggregating, and analyzing data to extract valuable insights.
NEW QUESTION # 30
When is it better to purchase software rather than build a software solution in-house?
- A. When the company wants internal growth
- B. When the company wants to develop the skill sets of its internal IT staff
- C. When the company has very specific needs
- D. When there is a short timeline
Answer: D
Explanation:
It is better to purchase software rather than build a software solution in-house when there is a short timeline.
Building software from scratch requires significant time for development, testing, and deployment. Purchasing off-the-shelf software can significantly reduce the time needed to implement a solution. Other considerations include:
* Cost-effectiveness: Pre-built software can be more cost-effective than developing a custom solution, especially when factoring in the costs of development, maintenance, and support.
* Immediate availability: Purchased software is usually ready to deploy immediately, whereas custom development can take months or even years.
* Proven reliability: Commercial software often has a track record of reliability and user support, reducing the risk of bugs and issues that may arise with custom development.
Therefore, when time is of the essence, purchasing software is the preferable option.
References
* Ian Sommerville, "Software Engineering," Pearson.
* Steve McConnell, "Rapid Development: Taming Wild Software Schedules," Microsoft Press.
NEW QUESTION # 31
What are three operating systems that are commonly used today?
Choose 3 answers
- A. Microsoft Outlook
- B. Microsoft Windows
- C. MySQL
- D. Mac OS
- E. Linux
- F. Mozilla Firefox
Answer: B,D,E
Explanation:
* Operating Systems:
* Operating systems are software that manage computer hardware and software resources, providing common services for computer programs.
* Commonly Used Operating Systems:
* Mac OS: Developed by Apple Inc., used on Apple computers.
* Linux: An open-source operating system used on a wide variety of devices from servers to personal computers.
* Microsoft Windows: Developed by Microsoft, it is one of the most widely used operating systems for personal and business computers.
* Not Operating Systems:
* Microsoft Outlook: An email client, part of the Microsoft Office suite.
* MySQL: A relational database management system.
* Mozilla Firefox: A web browser.
References:
* Types of operating systems: Types of Operating Systems
* Mac OS:macOS
* Linux:Linux
* Microsoft Windows:Windows
NEW QUESTION # 32
What type of a system requirement involves preventing unauthorized access to data?
- A. User needs
- B. Design
- C. Security
- D. Accessibility
Answer: C
Explanation:
A system requirement that involves preventing unauthorized access to data is aSecurityrequirement. Security requirements ensure that the system:
* Protects data integrity: Ensuring data is accurate and unchanged by unauthorized users.
* Maintains confidentiality: Preventing unauthorized access to sensitive information.
* Ensures availability: Making sure that data and resources are available to authorized users when needed.
Security requirements are critical for safeguarding the system against threats and vulnerabilities.
References
* Dieter Gollmann, "Computer Security," Wiley.
* Ross Anderson, "Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems," Wiley.
NEW QUESTION # 33
What signals the development of scope creep?
- A. An extension to the deadline of the project is requested.
- B. Many unplanned features have been added to the original project.
- C. The product does not satisfy all the requirements of the plan.
- D. Programmers are focused on a single feature.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The development of scope creep is often signaled by the addition of many unplanned features to the original project. This indicates that the project scope is expanding beyond its initial boundaries. Key indicators include:
* Uncontrolled changesto the project scope.
* Continuous new requestsfrom stakeholders that were not part of the original requirements.
* Increased project complexityand difficulty in managing the project timeline and resources.
Scope creep can lead to delays, budget overruns, and project failure if not managed properly.
References
* Project Management Institute, "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)," PMI.
* Harold Kerzner, "Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling," Wiley.
NEW QUESTION # 34
What are two differences between a handheld computer and a desktop?
Choose 2 answers.
- A. A handheld has more memory.
- B. A handheld has more internal storage.
- C. A desktop has more internal storage.
- D. A desktop has more memory.
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
Desktops typically have more memory (RAM) and internal storage (hard drives or SSDs) compared to handheld computers. This allows desktops to handle more intensive computing tasks and store larger amounts of data. Handheld devices, on the other hand, prioritize portability and battery life over high storage and memory capacity.
NEW QUESTION # 35
Which technique allows someone to obtain a password while it is in transit?
- A. Black hat
- B. Packet sniffing
- C. Buffer overflow
- D. Phishing
Answer: B
Explanation:
* Packet sniffing is a technique used to capture and analyze network traffic, which can include intercepting passwords while they are in transit.
* When data packets are transmitted over a network, a packet sniffer can capture these packets, and if they are not encrypted, it can read sensitive information like passwords.
* The other options:
* Buffer overflow is a type of attack that exploits a program's memory handling.
* Phishing is a social engineering attack to deceive users into providing sensitive information.
* Black hat refers to a hacker with malicious intent, not a specific technique.
* Therefore, packet sniffing is the correct technique for obtaining passwords in transit.
References:
* "Network Security Essentials: Applications and Standards" by William Stallings, which explains packet sniffing and network security threats.
* "Computer Security: Principles and Practice" by William Stallings and Lawrie Brown, which covers network attack techniques including packet sniffing.
NEW QUESTION # 36
Which database has multiple tables with interrelated fields?
- A. Relational
- B. Hierarchical
- C. Interrelated
- D. Flat file
Answer: A
Explanation:
* Arelational databaseis structured to recognize relations among stored items of information.
* Multiple tablesin a relational database can have interrelated fields.
* These relationships are often managed throughforeign keys, which reference the primary keys of other tables.
* This relational model allows for complex queries and data integrity across the database.
* Example:Tables such asCustomers,Orders, andProductsin a sales database, whereOrderstable may reference bothCustomersandProductstables to establish relationships.
References:
* "Database System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Korth, and Sudarshan.
* "SQL and Relational Theory" by C.J. Date.
NEW QUESTION # 37
What is the role of the compiler?
- A. To create executable code that is compatible with different operating systems
- B. To run scripting languages to test one line of code at a time
- C. To take the most recent line of code, translate it, and execute the machine code
- D. To create an executable program by translating all of the code at one time
Answer: D
Explanation:
Step by Step Comprehensive Detailed ExplanationA compiler is a program that translates source code written in a high-level programming language into machine code.
* Definition: A compiler processes the entire source code of a program and translates it into a machine code executable.
* Functionality: This process is typically done in several stages, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, optimization, and code generation.
* Output: The result is an executable file that can be run on a specific operating system.
References
* "Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools" by Alfred V. Aho, Monica S. Lam, Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey D. Ullman
* NISTIR 7860, "C++ Coding Standards"
NEW QUESTION # 38
Which two benefits do computer networks provide for businesses?
Choose 2 answers
- A. Increased business efficiency
- B. Organization cost savings
- C. Improved information security
- D. Lower IT operations costs
- E. Increased Internet communications speed
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 39
Which item information should be stored in a database to determine an order total?
- A. Item order line
- B. Item restock levels
- C. Item unit price
- D. Item description
Answer: C
Explanation:
To determine an order total, the item unit price is essential because it represents the cost per unit of the item.
By multiplying the unit price by the quantity ordered, you can calculate the total cost for each item in the order, and then sum these totals to get the overall order total.
NEW QUESTION # 40
Which task is the responsibility of a database administrator?
- A. Compiling code into an executable file
- B. Installing and configuring databases
- C. Deciding on database applications for the company
- D. Troubleshooting network security issues
Answer: B
Explanation:
* ADatabase Administrator (DBA)is responsible for managing the database infrastructure.
* Primary responsibilitiesinclude:
* Installing and configuringnew databases and database servers.
* Ensuring databases run efficiently and are properly maintained.
* Performingbackup and recoveryoperations to prevent data loss.
* Monitoring performanceand tuning databases for optimal performance.
* Implementingsecurity measuresto protect the database against unauthorized access.
References:
* "Database Administration: The Complete Guide to DBA Practices and Procedures" by Craig S. Mullins.
* Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server official documentation.
NEW QUESTION # 41
What type of software utilizes a commercial software license?
- A. Shareware
- B. Public Domain
- C. Proprietary
- D. Open Source
Answer: C
Explanation:
* Proprietary softwareis a type of software that is owned by an individual or a company.
* It is usually sold commercially and comes with acommercial software license.
* This type of license typically restricts the ways in which the software can be used, modified, and distributed.
* Users must agree to the terms of the license, which often include restrictions on copying, sharing, and modifying the software.
* Example:Microsoft Windows and Adobe Photoshop are proprietary software products.
References:
* "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" by Eric S. Raymond.
* "Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing" by Andrew M. St. Laurent.
NEW QUESTION # 42
How does application software differ from operating systems?
Choose 2 answers
- A. Application software supports the computer hardware system directly.
- B. Application software includes word processors and spreadsheet software that are useful to end users.
- C. Application software includes system utilities that run on demand of the user.
- D. Application software consists of programs that end users run to accomplish business or personal tasks, such as e-mail.
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
* Application Software:
* Application software refers to programs that help end users perform specific tasks. Examples include email clients, word processors, and spreadsheet programs.
* These are designed to be used by people to perform tasks such as writing documents, managing data, or communicating.
* Operating Systems:
* Operating systems (OS) manage the hardware and software resources of a computer system. They provide a platform for application software to run.
* Examples include Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. The OS handles system-level tasks like memory management, process scheduling, and hardware interaction.
* Key Differences:
* Application software (B, C) is user-oriented, aimed at helping users complete tasks.
* Operating systems (A, D) manage the computer's hardware and system resources.
References:
* Application software: Application Software
* Operating system functions: Operating System Functions
NEW QUESTION # 43
Why are businesses beginning to use big data?
- A. To integrate vast amounts of electronic data into analysis in order to gain insight for better decision making
- B. To collect large amounts of data from various sources, both external and internal, both paper and electronic
- C. To connect a myriad of devices to the Internet and allow these devices to logically interact with one another
- D. To store enormous amounts of paper documents and electronic data in databases and data warehouses for future analysis
Answer: A
Explanation:
Big data refers to the use of large and complex data sets that traditional data-processing software cannot adequately handle. Businesses leverage big data to analyze and systematically extract information from large datasets, which helps them gain valuable insights, improve decision-making, enhance customer experiences, and optimize business processes. This capability is critical in today's data-driven world, where informed decision-making can significantly impact a company's success.
NEW QUESTION # 44
What is a component of IT infrastructure?
- A. Printer
- B. Networks
- C. People
- D. Data
Answer: B
Explanation:
IT infrastructure encompasses all the physical and virtual resources that support the flow,storage, processing, and analysis of data. Networks, which include the internet, intranets, and extranets, are fundamental components of IT infrastructure as they enable communication and data exchange between different hardware and software components.
NEW QUESTION # 45
Which motherboard component is used for short-term storage of data?
- A. Hard Drive
- B. Read Only Memory
- C. BIOS
- D. RAM
Answer: D
Explanation:
* Short-term storage of data on a motherboard is managed by Random Access Memory (RAM).
* RAM is volatile memory, meaning it temporarily stores data that is actively being used or processed by the CPU.
* The other options:
* The hard drive is used for long-term storage.
* BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware for hardware initialization.
* Read Only Memory (ROM) is used for permanent data storage that doesn't change.
* Thus, RAM is the correct answer for short-term data storage.
References:
* "Computer Organization and Architecture" by William Stallings, which covers the various types of memory.
* "Operating System Concepts" by Abraham Silberschatz, Peter B. Galvin, and Greg Gagne, which explains memory management.
NEW QUESTION # 46
A company may choose to use CDs, DVDs, hard drives, or even cloud storage for data backup.
Which aspect of data backup does this statement describe?
- A. Image backups
- B. Incremental backups
- C. Data mirroring
- D. Backup media
Answer: D
Explanation:
The statement refers to the different types of media that can be used for data backup. Backup media encompasses various storage devices and methods used to store copies of data. Examples include:
* CDs and DVDs: Optical storage media used for smaller-scale backups.
* Hard drives: Mechanical or solid-state drives used for local and external backups.
* Cloud storage: Online services providing remote storage and access to backups.
Choosing the appropriate backup media is crucial for ensuring data availability and recovery in case of data loss.
References
* David M. Kroenke and Randall J. Boyle, "Using MIS," Pearson.
* Curtis Preston, "Backup & Recovery: Inexpensive Backup Solutions for Open Systems," O'Reilly Media.
NEW QUESTION # 47
Which is true about access rights?
- A. They limit users to permitted items.
- B. They are part of the System Development Life Cycle.
- C. They are defined by the machine language.
- D. They require the use of a compiler.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Access rights are critical components of access control mechanisms in information security. They specify what actions users or systems can perform on specific resources, limiting them to only permitted items.
* Definition: Access rights, also known as permissions, are rules that define the allowed actions on a resource (e.g., read, write, execute).
* Implementation: Access rights are typically implemented using Access Control Lists (ACLs), Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), or other access control models.
* Purpose: The main goal is to enforce the principle of least privilege, ensuring that users can only access the resources necessary for their role.
References
* NIST Special Publication 800-53
* ISO/IEC 27001:2013
* "Computer Security: Principles and Practice" by William Stallings
NEW QUESTION # 48
Which statement best describes the purpose of a business intelligence (Bl) system?
- A. A Bl system allows access to raw data.
- B. A Bl system integrates all departments in an organization.
- C. A Bl system uses only proprietary data to maximize quality.
- D. A Bl system helps the strategic decision-making process.
Answer: D
Explanation:
A Business Intelligence (BI) system is designed to analyze and present data in a way that supports decision-making processes. It helps organizations make informed, strategic decisions by providing insights through data analysis, visualization, and reporting. BI systems aggregate data from various sources, enabling a comprehensive view of the business that informs planning and strategy.
NEW QUESTION # 49
Which characteristic applies to machine-level languages?
- A. They use collection of short scripts
- B. They use cables to connect circuits
- C. They use language translators known as compilers
- D. They use language translators known as assemblers
Answer: D
Explanation:
Machine-level languages, also known as assembly languages, are low-level programming languages that are closely related to machine code.
* Definition: Machine-level languages consist of instructions that are directly executed by a computer's CPU.
* Assemblers: An assembler is a tool that translates assembly language code into machine code.
* Characteristics: Assembly languages are specific to a computer architecture and provide a way to write programs that can be executed by the hardware directly.
References
* "Structured Computer Organization" by Andrew S. Tanenbaum
* "Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective" by Randal E. Bryant and David R. O'Hallaron
NEW QUESTION # 50
Which type of communications media uses light waves to transmit data?
- A. Coaxial
- B. Radio towers
- C. Twisted pair
- D. Fiber optic
Answer: D
Explanation:
* Fiber optic communications use light waves to transmit data.
* This method allows for high-speed and long-distance data transmission.
* The other options:
* Radio towers use radio waves.
* Twisted pair uses electrical signals.
* Coaxial also uses electrical signals.
* Therefore, the correct communication medium that uses light waves is fiber optic.
References:
* "Fiber-Optic Communication Systems" by Govind P. Agrawal, which details how fiber optics use light for data transmission.
* "Communication Networks" by Alberto Leon-Garcia and Indra Widjaja, which explains various communication media.
NEW QUESTION # 51
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