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NEW QUESTION # 22
Which of the following defect types is NOT an example of a defect type typically found with API testing?
- A. High architectural structural complexity
- B. Data handling issues
- C. Loss of transactions
- D. Timing problems
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the context of API testing, the defect types generally found are related to the specific interactions with the API, such as issues with data formatting, handling, validation, and the sequencing or timing of API calls.
Architectural structural complexity is not typically a defect that would be identified at the API testing level.
API tests are concerned with the interface and immediate integration points, not the overarching system architecture, which would be more relevant to design or system-level testing.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Assume you are involved in testing a Health Insurance Calculation system.
At the main screen one can enter information for a new client. The information to be provided consists of last name, first name and date of birth. After confirmation of the information, the system checks the age of the potential new client and calculates a proposed premium.
The system also has the option to request information for an existing client, using the client's ID number.
A keyword-driven automation approach is being used to automate most of the regression testing.
Based on the information provided, which TWO of the options provided would be the MOST LIKELY keywords for this application? (Choose two.)
- A. Exclude_Client
- B. Remove_Client
- C. Select_Client
- D. Enter_Client
- E. Print_Premium
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
Considering the functionalities described for the Health Insurance Calculation system, the keywords would represent the main actions that can be performed in the system. 'Enter_Client' would be a keyword for entering new client information, which is a primary feature of the system as described. 'Select_Client' would be used to retrieve information for an existing client using the client's ID number, which is another main functionality. Other options such as 'Remove_Client', 'Print_Premium', and 'Exclude_Client' are not explicitly mentioned in the provided system functionalities, therefore, 'Enter_Client' and 'Select_Client' are the most likely keywords for automation.
NEW QUESTION # 24
A component has been analysed during a risk-assessment and rated as highly critical. Which of the following white-box test techniques provides the highest level of coverage and could therefore be used to test this component?
- A. Multiple condition testing
- B. Statement testing
- C. Modified condition/decision testing
- D. Decision testing
Answer: C
Explanation:
Modified condition/decision testing (MC/DC) provides a higher level of coverage compared to other white-box testing techniques because it requires each condition in a decision to be shown to independently affect that decision's outcome. It is more rigorous than both decision testing (which only requires each decision's possible outcomes to be tested) and statement testing (which requires only each executable statement to be executed). Therefore, for a highly critical component, MC/DC is more appropriate as it ensures a more thorough assessment of the logic in the software component.
NEW QUESTION # 25
You have been assigned to perform a review on code provided below:
Which type of defect should you report as part of the code review?
- A. No defects should be reported, code is correct.
- B. Too many nested levels
- C. Endless loop
- D. Unreachable code
Answer: C
Explanation:
The code provided contains a potential endless loop. The loop is conditioned on the variable 'E' being less than 1 (IF E < 1), but within the loop, there is no operation that modifies the value of 'E'. Therefore, once the loop is entered, if the condition A > B holds true, the value of 'E' remains unchanged, leading to an endless loop situation. The decrement of 'A' in line 15 does not guarantee an exit condition for the loop, as it does not affect the value of 'E'. This is a control flow defect that could cause the program to hang or crash.
NEW QUESTION # 26
Consider the following specification:
If you are flying with an economy ticket, there is a possibility that you may get upgraded to business class, especially if you hold a gold card in the airline's frequent flier program. If you don't hold a gold card, there is a possibility that you will get 'bumped' off the flight if it is full when you check in late.
This is shown in the control flow graph below. Note that each box (i.e., statement, decision) has been numbered.
Three tests have been run:
Test 1: Gold card holder who gets upgraded to business class
Test 2: Non-gold card holder who stays in economy
Test 3: A person who is bumped from the flight
What is the level of decision coverage achieved by these three tests?
- A. 75%
- B. 80%
- C. 60%
- D. 67%
Answer: D
Explanation:
The control flow graph provided illustrates the decision points for an airline's upgrade and boarding process.
Decision coverage is a measure of the percentage of decision points executed during testing:
Test 1 covers the decision points: Gold card? (Yes) and Business full? (No).
Test 2 covers: Gold card? (No) and Economy full? (No).
Test 3 covers the decision that leads to being bumped from the flight, which is Economy full? (Yes) and Business full? (Yes).
From the given tests, the decision points for Gold card? (No) and Business full? (No) are not tested, leaving us with 4 out of 6 decision points covered, which is approximately 67% decision coverage.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Consider the pseudo code provided below:
Given the following tests, what additional test(s) (if any) would be needed in order to achieve 100% statement coverage, with the minimum number of tests?
Test 1: A = 7, B = 7, Expected output: 7
Test 2: A = 7, B = 5, Expected output: 5
- A. A=7, B=9, Expected output: 7
- B. A=6, B=12, Expected output: Bingo!
- C. A=6, B=12, Expected output: Bingo! and A=7, B=9, Expected output: 7
- D. No additional test cases are needed to achieve 100% statement coverage.
Answer: D
Explanation:
100% statement coverage means that every line of code is executed at least once during testing. Based on the provided pseudo-code and the test cases given:
Test 1 executes the MIN = B statement when A and B are equal.
Test 2 executes the MIN = A statement and skips the inner IF since B is not equal to 2*A.
All statements within the code have been executed by these two tests, hence no additional test cases are needed to achieve 100% statement coverage.
NEW QUESTION # 28
As a technical test analyst, you are involved in a risk analysis session using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis technique. You are calculating risk priorities. Which of the following are the major factors in this exercise?
- A. Severity and priority
- B. Functionality, reliability, usability, maintainability, efficiency and portability
- C. Likelihood and impact
- D. Financial damage, frequency of use and external visibility
Answer: C
Explanation:
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a structured approach to identify and address potential failures in a system, product, process, or service. The major factors involved in calculating risk priorities in FMEA are typically the severity of the potential failure, its likelihood of occurrence, and the ability to detect it.
These factors are usually combined to form a Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each potential failure mode identified. However, the specific factors mentioned in the options like functionality, reliability, usability, maintainability, efficiency, and portability are quality characteristics that could be considered in an FMEA analysis but are not directly used for calculating risk priorities. Likewise, financial damage, frequency of use, and external visibility might influence the severity or impact of a failure, but they are not standard factors in calculating risk priorities in the context of FMEA. Therefore, the most relevant factors for calculating risk priorities in an FMEA context would typically be the likelihood of the failure occurring and its potential impact, which aligns with option C: Likelihood and impact.
It's important to note that while these explanations are based on general principles and practices related to fault seeding and FMEA, the specifics might vary slightly in different contexts or with different methodologies.
NEW QUESTION # 29
Consider the pseudo code provided below regarding a customer request for cash withdrawal from an ATM.
If the customer has sufficient funds in their account
OR the customer has the credit granted
THEN the ATM machine pays out the requested amount to the customer
Which of the following test cases would be the result of applying multiple condition testing, but would NOT be the result of applying modified condition/decision testing?
- A. TC 1: Customer has sufficient funds. Credit has not been granted.
- B. TC 2: Customer does not have sufficient funds. Credit has been granted.
- C. TC 3: Customer does not have sufficient funds. Credit has not been granted.
- D. TC 4: Customer has sufficient funds. Credit has been granted.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Multiple condition testing requires each possible combination of conditions to be tested, whereas modified condition/decision testing (MC/DC) requires each condition to be shown to independently affect the outcome. In the case of the ATM withdrawal, TC 3 (Customer does not have sufficient funds and credit has not been granted) would not result in the machine paying out, which is a result of applying multiple condition testing. However, for MC/DC, this test case would not be included because it doesn't provide an independent assessment of either condition's effect on the decision since both conditions are negative and the outcome is as expected (no payout).
NEW QUESTION # 30
Consider the pseudo code for the Answer program:
Which of the following statements about the Answer program BEST describes the control flow anomalies to be found in the program?
- A. The Answer program contains no control flow anomalies.
- B. The Answer program contains unreachable code.
- C. The Answer program contains an infinite loop.
- D. The Answer program contains unreachable code and an infinite loop.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The provided pseudo code for the Answer program shows a WHILE loop that will always execute because the condition for the loop to terminate (a >= d) is never met within the loop's body. This results in an infinite loop. Additionally, since the value of 'b' is initialized with 'a + 10' and 'a' starts from a value that is read and then set to 2, 'b' will never be equal to 12. Therefore, the 'THEN' branch of the IF statement, which includes
'print(b)', is unreachable. These are control flow anomalies because they represent logic in the code that will not function as presumably intended.
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which of the following statements about performance testing tools is NOT correct?
- A. Significant factors to consider in the implementation of performance testing tools include the flexibility of the tool to allow different operational profiles to be easily implemented, and the hardware and network bandwidth required to generate the load.
- B. Performance testing tools typically drive the application by simulating user interaction at the graphical user interface level to more accurately measure response times.
- C. Performance testing tools generate a load by simulating a large number of virtual users following their designated operational profiles to generate specific volumes of input data.
- D. Typical metrics and reports provided by performance testing tools include the number of simulated users throughout the test, and the number and type of transactions generated by the simulated users, and the arrival rate of the transactions.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The statement about performance testing tools that is NOT correct is that they typically drive the application by simulating user interaction at the graphical user interface (GUI) level to more accurately measure response times. In practice, performance testing tools often simulate user interactions at a protocol or service level rather than the GUI level. This approach allows the tools to generate a high load by simulating many virtual users, which would be challenging to achieve with GUI-level interactions due to the higher resource consumption and slower execution speed associated with GUI automation.
Performance testing tools are designed to assess the performance of a system under a particular load and are not primarily focused on the user interface. They simulate multiple users accessing the system simultaneously, which helps in identifying bottlenecks, understanding the system's behavior under load, and determining how the system scales with increasing load. The tools typically simulate user requests to the server, bypassing the GUI to directly test the backend, APIs, or other service endpoints. This method allows for more efficient and scalable testing, enabling the simulation of thousands of users without the overhead of rendering the GUI.
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding tools that support component testing and the build process?
- A. Both provide an environment for unit testing in which a component can be tested in isolation with suitable stubs and drivers.
- B. Both provide run-time information on the state of the software code, e.g., unassigned pointers and the use and de-allocation of memory.
- C. Both are used to reduce the costs of test environments by replacing real devices.
- D. Both are used to examine source code before a program is executed. This is done by analysing a section of code against a set (or multiple sets) of coding rules.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Tools that support component testing and the build process are designed to provide a controlled environment where individual units or components of the software can be tested in isolation. This is typically done using stubs, which simulate the behavior of missing components, and drivers, which simulate the behavior of a user or calling program. This isolated environment is essential for unit testing because it allows testers to find defects within the boundaries of a single component before integrating it into the larger system.
NEW QUESTION # 33
Which of the following statements best captures the difference between data-driven and keyword-driven test automation?
- A. Keyword-driven test automation is easier to develop than data-driven test automation.
- B. Data-driven test automation extends keyword-driven automation by defining data corresponding to business processes.
- C. Data-driven test automation is more maintainable than keyword-driven test automation.
- D. Keyword-driven test automation extends data-driven automation by defining keywords corresponding to business processes.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Keyword-driven test automation is a framework where test cases are written using keywords that represent the actions or tests to be performed on the system. This is an extension of data-driven test automation, which focuses on separating test scripts from the test data, allowing the same test script to be run with various sets of data. Keyword-driven test automation further abstracts the process by allowing tests to be written in a more human-readable form that corresponds to business processes. This approach can improve maintainability and readability of test cases, making them easier to understand and modify. It's not necessarily the case that one is more maintainable or easier to develop than the other (Options C and D); rather, they serve different purposes in test automation strategy.
NEW QUESTION # 34
A new web site has been launched for a testing conference. There are a number of links to other related web sites for information purposes. Participants like the new site but complaints are being made that some (not all) of the links to other sites do not work.
Which type of test tool is most appropriate in helping to identify the causes of these failures?
- A. Dynamic analysis tool
- B. Static analysis tool
- C. Hyperlink tool
- D. Review tool
Answer: C
Explanation:
When users complain about issues with links on a website, the most appropriate test tool to identify the causes of these failures is a hyperlink tool (answer B). Hyperlink tools are specifically designed to check the validity of links on web pages. They can automatically identify broken or dead links, which is essential for maintaining the quality and user experience of a website. Review tools, static analysis tools, and dynamic analysis tools do not primarily focus on hyperlink verification.
NEW QUESTION # 35
A medical company has performed a safety criticality analysis using the IEC61508 standard. The software components to be developed have been categorized by Safety Integrity Level (SIL). Most components have been rated at SIL 1 or 2, and a few components at SIL 4.
After some discussions with the QA manager, the project has decided to adhere to the recommendations for test coverage provided by the IEC61508 standard.
Which level and type of test coverage should at least be used for the components rated at Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 2?
- A. 100% statement coverage, 100% decision coverage and 100% MC/DC coverage
- B. 100% statement coverage and 100% decision coverage
- C. 100% statement coverage
- D. 100% statement coverage, 100% decision coverage and 100% multiple condition coverage
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the context of software testing, different safety integrity levels (SIL) require different levels of rigor in testing. According to the IEC61508 standard, for software components rated at SIL 2, achieving 100% statement coverage and 100% decision coverage is recommended. Statement coverage ensures that every line of code is executed at least once during testing, while decision coverage ensures that every decision in the code (e.g., every branch of an IF statement) is executed on both the true and false sides. These coverage criteria ensure a thorough testing of the software components to validate that they behave correctly in all circumstances. Multiple condition coverage and MC/DC coverage (Options A and B) are more rigorous and typically required for higher SIL levels, such as SIL 4.
NEW QUESTION # 36
Which of the following is a valid reason for including performance testing in a test approach?
- A. To evaluate the ability of a system to handle increasing levels of load.
- B. To mitigate the risk of long response times to defects reported by users and/or customers.
- C. To evaluate the system's tolerance to faults in terms of handling unexpected input values.
- D. To reduce the threat of code insertion into a web page which may be exercised by subsequent users.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Performance testing is a key part of ensuring that a system can handle the expected load and perform well under high demand. This type of testing is designed to test the robustness, speed, scalability, and stability of the system under a given workload. It is not primarily concerned with security threats such as code insertion (Option A), nor with fault tolerance in terms of unexpected input values (Option B), nor with the speed of addressing user-reported defects (Option C), although these may be tangential benefits. Performance testing is focused on ensuring that the system meets performance criteria and can handle increasing loads without degradation of service, which is essential for providing a good user experience and for the system's reliability.
NEW QUESTION # 37
Consider the pseudo code for the Price program:
Which of the following statements about the Price program describes a control flow anomaly to be found in the program?
- A. The Price program contains unreachable code.
- B. The Price program contains an infinite loop.
- C. The Price program contains data flow defects.
- D. The Price program contains no control flow anomalies.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The pseudo code provided for the Price program shows a potential for an infinite loop due to the way the
'Del_Charge' variable is being manipulated. The loop is set to continue 'WHILE Del_Charge > 0', and within the loop, 'Del_Charge' is initially set to 5 and then potentially decreased by 2 if 'Sale_Value > 60000'.
However, at the end of each loop iteration, 'Del_Charge' is increased by 1. This means that if 'Sale_Value' is not greater than 60000, 'Del_Charge' will not decrease and will instead increment indefinitely, causing an infinite loop. Even if 'Sale_Value' is greater than 60000, the decrement by 2 could be negated by the subsequent increments if the loop runs enough times, potentially leading to an infinite loop situation. There is no guaranteed exit condition once the loop is entered, which is a control flow anomaly.
NEW QUESTION # 38
You are working on project where re-use of software is an objective. You are involved in the project as a Technical Test Analyst and have been given the task to develop a checklist for code reviews.
Which question from the list below should you implement as part of the code review checklist?
- A. Is it possible during acceptance testing to verity whether the item has been satisfied?
- B. Can each item be implemented with the techniques, tools, and resources available?
- C. Are all variables defined with meaningful, consistent and clear names?
- D. Are all modules, data, and interfaces uniquely identified?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 39
At which test level would performance efficiency testing most likely be performed?
- A. System testing
- B. User acceptance testing
- C. Component testing
- D. Integration testing
Answer: A
Explanation:
Performance efficiency testing is most commonly associated with system testing. This is the level at which the complete, integrated system is evaluated, and it is typically where performance, load, and stress testing are conducted to assess the system's behavior under various conditions and loads. Performance efficiency testing at this level helps to ensure that the system meets the necessary performance criteria as a whole.
NEW QUESTION # 40
Below is the pseudo-code for the bingo program:
The bingo program contains a data flow anomaly. Which data flow anomaly can be found in this program?
- A. An invalid value is assigned to variable "B".
- B. Variable "MIN" is not assigned a value before using it.
- C. The hard-coded value '2" should not be used.
- D. Variable "AB is defined but subsequently not used.
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the provided pseudo-code for the Bingo program, the variable MIN is used in the statement MIN = MIN
+ A without being initialized with a value beforehand. This represents a classic 'use before define' anomaly, as the variable MIN must have an initial value before any operation like addition can be performed on it.
NEW QUESTION # 41
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